![]() In this, reducing the external inputs of P to a lake is an obvious method to mediate recovery from eutrophication, but it may take many years for a lake to recover after the external loading is reduced. Mitigation of eutrophication principally focuses on phosphorus (P) control. ![]() Such blooms are in conflict with the good water quality demanded by legislation (European Water Framework and Bathing Water Directives, , which makes controlling eutrophication and thereby preventing cyanobacteria nuisance a key challenge to water quality managers. ![]() In freshwater systems the majority of these blooms are formed by cyanobacteria, which are a threat to human health and husbandry,. over-enrichment of surface waters with nutrients, is a worldwide water quality issue, which often results in massive algal blooms. ![]() This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The research was funded internally by Wageningen University (WUR and externally by the Regional Water Authority De Dommel ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Įutrophication, i.e. Received: JanuAccepted: JPublished: July 28, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 van Oosterhout et al. PLoS ONE 9(7):Įditor: Syuhei Ban, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan virginalis), we advocate that the application of in-lake chemical water treatments to mitigate eutrophication should be accompanied by a thorough study on potential side effects.Ĭitation: van Oosterhout F, Goitom E, Roessink I, Lürling M (2014) Lanthanum from a Modified Clay Used in Eutrophication Control Is Bioavailable to the Marbled Crayfish ( Procambarus fallax f. As La from Phoslock is bio-available to and taken up by the marbled crayfishes ( Procambarus fallax f. Day 28: carapace +17.9 µg g −1 gills +182 µg g −1 ovaries +2.2 µg g −1 hepatopancreas +41.9 µg g −1 and abodminal muscle +7.6 µg g −1, all effects were statistically significant. Expressing the treatment effect as the difference of the median concentration between the two treatment groups (Phoslock minus control group) yield the following effects, the plus sign (+) indicating an increase, concentrations in µg g −1 dry weight: Day 14: carapace +10.5 µg g −1, gills +112 µg g −1, ovaries +2.6 µg g −1, hepatopancreas +32.9 µg g −1 and abodminal muscle +3.2 µg g −1. We investigated the bioavailability of La from Phoslock in a controlled parallel groups experiment in which we measured the La in carapace, gills, ovaries, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle after 0, 14 and 28 days of exposure to Phoslock. Application of these clays raises the question whether La from these clays can become bioavailable to biota. La modified bentonite (Phoslock) or La modified kaolinite, aim at dephosphatising the water column and at reducing the release of P from a lake's sediment. The in-lake application of the lanthanum (La) modified clays – i.e. on P inflows to a lake as well as a lake's sediment as internal P source. To mitigate eutrophication in fresh standing waters the focus is on phosphorus (P) control, i.e.
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